DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY

 

 

 

   

 

    Academics

PHARMACOGNOSY-I (WRITTEN)

100 Marks

1.     GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

 

a)     Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy.

b)     Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants.

c)      Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern Systemof Medicine).

d)     Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification.

e)     Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy.

f)       Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market,

g)     Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and

h)     Adulteration of Crude Drugs.

i)       Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.

2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE

 

         Families                    Crude Drugs

a. Ranunculanceae; Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.

b. Papaveraaceae; Papaver somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.

c. Leguminosae; Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.

d. Umbelliferae; Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.

e. Apocynaceae; Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.

f. Solanaceae; Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.

g. Scrophulariaceae;  Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).

h. Labiatae;  Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.

i. Liliaceae; Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.

j. Zingiberaceae; Ginger, Curcuma.

 

3.     GROWTH REGULATORS:

General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene

4.     ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION:

 Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant,  infectant and infestant allergens Mechanism of allergy.

5.     ENZYMES:

Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.

6.     POISONOUS PLANTS:

General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan

7.     PESTICIDES:

Introduction, Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods

 

 

PHARMACOGNOSY-I (PRACTICALS)

100 Marks

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters). Microscopic examination powders and sections of plant drugs.

(Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)

A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from Norhtern Areas of the country.

 


                                             PHARMACOGNOSY –II (WRITTEN)                          100 marks

Third Professional

 

1.     SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUENTS:

 

            An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g.

a.       Adsorption Chromatography

b.      Partition chromatography

 

2.     CHARBOHYDRATES:

 

Introduction of Carbohydrates,

a.       Sucrose and sucrose containing drugs

Sucrose, dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin, Dextrin

 

b.     Cellulose and Cellulose derivatives

 

              Purified cotton, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl Cellulose, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose.

c.       Gums and Mucilages:

                Tragacanth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin

 

3.     GLYCOSIDES

                      Introduction, Classification, Chemistry and Medicinal Uses of

a.       Cardioactive Glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus, White squill.

b.      Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal, Senna

c.       Sapponine glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla

d.      Cyanophore glycosides: Wild berry

e.       Isolthiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard

f.        Lactone glycosides: Cantharide

g.       Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla

h.      Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea.

 

4.     TANNINS

                   Introduction, Classification, Properties, and chemical identification tests. Detailed study of

a.       Hamamelis

b.      Catachu

c.       Nut galls

 

5.     VOLATILE OILS  (ESSENTIAL OILS)

                    Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, and classification.

a.       Hydrocarbon volatile oils:  Cubeb, Terpntine oil.

b.      Alcoholic volatile oils: Pepper mint, Coriander, Cardamom.

c.       Aldehydic volatile oils:  Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon cinnamon, bitter almond oil.

d.      Ketonic volatile oils:   Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu.

e.       Phenolic volatile oil:   Clove, thyme

f.        Phenolic ether volatile oils:   Fennel, Anise, Myristiea

g.       Oxide volatile oils:   Eucalyptus, chenopodium.

h.      Ester volatile oils:   Rosemery

i.         Miscellaneous volatile oils:  Allium, Anethum.

 

6.     RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION

                    Introduction, Properties, Differences between glycoresins, oleo resins, oleo gum resin and balsams.

a.       Resins: Rosin, Canabus.

b.      Glycoresin: Podophyllum, Jalab, Pomoea, Colocynth.

c.       Oleoresin: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.

d.      Oleogum resin: Asafoetida, Myrrh

e.       Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu Balsam, Benzoin.

 

7.     ALKALOIDS

                     Introduction, Properties, Classification, functions of Alkaloids in Plants, methods of extraction and identification tests.

a.       Piridine-piperidine alkaloids: Areea nut, Lobelia, Tobacco

b.      Tropane alkaloids: Belladona, Hyoseyamus, Stramonium.

c.       Quinoline alkaloids: Cinchona

d.      Isoquinoline alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.

e.       Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.

f.        Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum

g.       Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, Colchicum

h.      Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.

 

8.     LIPIDS

                         Introduction, detailed study of

i)                   Fixed oils:  Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Peanut oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, sesame oil, soybean oil.

ii)                 Fats and Related compounds: Theobroma oil, and Lenolin

iii)               Waxes: Bees wax, Carnuaba wax, spermeeti, Jojoba oil.


 

                                          PHARMACOGNOSY –II (PRACTICALS)                          100 marks

Third Professional

 

1.       Extraction of active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests for their Identification

2.       Isolation and separation of Active constituents of crude drugs by Paper and thin layer chromatography.

 

                    (A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)


 


 

   

 

 

     

 

     

 

     
     
     
     
     
     

Gomal University

Dera Ismail Khan

Pakistan

 Exchange: 0092 966 750-424-9    

                                               Copyright © 2013, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. All Rights Reserved