PHARMACOGNOSY-I (WRITTEN)
100 Marks
1.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
a)
Historical
Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy.
b)
Traditional
system of Medicine/medicinal plants.
c)
Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern Systemof
Medicine).
d)
Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and
Therapeutical System of Classification.
e)
Terminology
Used in Pharmacognosy.
f)
Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market,
g)
Methods of
Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration
and
h)
Adulteration
of Crude Drugs.
i)
Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical,
Chemical and Biological.
2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS
BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families
Crude Drugs
a.
Ranunculanceae; Aconitum,
Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b. Papaveraaceae; Papaver
somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c.
Leguminosae; Acacia,
Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d.
Umbelliferae; Fennel, Carum,
Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e.
Apocynaceae; Rauwolfia,
Catharanthus.
f.
Solanaceae; Belladonna,
Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g.
Scrophulariaceae;
Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h.
Labiatae; Peppermint,
Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i. Liliaceae; Garlic,
Colchicum, Aloe.
j.
Zingiberaceae; Ginger,
Curcuma.
3.
GROWTH REGULATORS:
General account with special reference
to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene
4.
ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION:
Introduction, case history, skin
test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant,
contactant, infectant and infestant allergens Mechanism of allergy.
5.
ENZYMES:
Enzymes obtained from plant source.
(Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained
from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.
6.
POISONOUS PLANTS:
General introduction of poisonous
plants with special reference to Pakistan
7.
PESTICIDES:
Introduction, Methods of controlling
pests with special reference to natural methods
PHARMACOGNOSY-I
(PRACTICALS)
100 Marks
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall
be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned
theoretical topics and availability of the, e.g. Introduction of the
entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic
characters). Microscopic examination powders and sections of plant
drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will
be conducted)
A
Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be
arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal
plants from Norhtern Areas of the country.
PHARMACOGNOSY –II
(WRITTEN)
100 marks
Third Professional
1.
SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF
PLANT CONSTITUENTS:
An
introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g.
a.
Adsorption Chromatography
b.
Partition chromatography
2.
CHARBOHYDRATES:
Introduction of
Carbohydrates,
a.
Sucrose and sucrose containing drugs
Sucrose, dextrose, Liquid
glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin,
Dextrin
b.
Cellulose and Cellulose derivatives
Purified
cotton, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl
Cellulose, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose.
c.
Gums and Mucilages:
Tragacanth,
Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin
3.
GLYCOSIDES
Introduction,
Classification, Chemistry and Medicinal Uses of
a.
Cardioactive Glycosides:
Digitalis, Strophanthus, White squill.
b.
Anthraquinone glycosides:
Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal, Senna
c.
Sapponine glycosides:
Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla
d.
Cyanophore glycosides:
Wild berry
e.
Isolthiocyanate glycosides:
Black Mustard
f.
Lactone glycosides:
Cantharide
g.
Aldehyde glycosides:
Vanilla
h.
Miscellaneous glycosides:
Gentian, Quassia, Dioscorea.
4.
TANNINS
Introduction,
Classification, Properties, and chemical identification tests.
Detailed study of
a.
Hamamelis
b.
Catachu
c.
Nut
galls
5.
VOLATILE OILS
(ESSENTIAL
OILS)
Introduction,
significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, and
classification.
a.
Hydrocarbon volatile oils:
Cubeb,
Terpntine oil.
b.
Alcoholic volatile oils:
Pepper mint, Coriander, Cardamom.
c.
Aldehydic volatile oils:
Bitter orange
peel, sweet orange peel, lemon cinnamon, bitter almond oil.
d.
Ketonic volatile oils:
Camphor,
spearmint, caraway, Buchu.
e.
Phenolic volatile oil:
Clove, thyme
f.
Phenolic ether volatile oils:
Fennel, Anise,
Myristiea
g.
Oxide volatile oils:
Eucalyptus,
chenopodium.
h.
Ester volatile oils:
Rosemery
i.
Miscellaneous volatile oils:
Allium,
Anethum.
6.
RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION
Introduction,
Properties, Differences between glycoresins, oleo resins, oleo gum
resin and balsams.
a.
Resins: Rosin,
Canabus.
b.
Glycoresin:
Podophyllum, Jalab, Pomoea, Colocynth.
c.
Oleoresin:
Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
d.
Oleogum resin:
Asafoetida, Myrrh
e.
Balsams: Storax,
Peruvian balsam, Tolu Balsam, Benzoin.
7.
ALKALOIDS
Introduction,
Properties, Classification, functions of Alkaloids in Plants,
methods of extraction and identification tests.
a.
Piridine-piperidine alkaloids:
Areea nut, Lobelia, Tobacco
b.
Tropane alkaloids:
Belladona, Hyoseyamus, Stramonium.
c.
Quinoline alkaloids:
Cinchona
d.
Isoquinoline alkaloids:
Ipecacuanha, Opium.
e.
Indole alkaloids:
Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.
f.
Steroidal alkaloids:
Veratrum
g.
Alkaloidal amines:
Ephedra, Colchicum
h.
Purine Bases:
Tea, Coffee.
8.
LIPIDS
Introduction,
detailed study of
i)
Fixed oils:
Castor
oil, Cotton seed oil, Peanut oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, coconut
oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, sesame oil, soybean oil.
ii)
Fats and Related compounds:
Theobroma oil, and Lenolin
iii)
Waxes: Bees wax,
Carnuaba wax, spermeeti, Jojoba oil.
PHARMACOGNOSY –II
(PRACTICALS)
100 marks
Third Professional
1.
Extraction of active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests
for their Identification
2.
Isolation and separation of Active constituents of crude drugs by
Paper and thin layer chromatography.
(A minimum of
20 practicals will be conducted)